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1. Introduction:
Automatic
multistoreyed car parking system helps to minimize the car
parking area. In the modern world, where parking-space has
become a very big problem and in the era of miniaturization,
it is become a very crucial necessity to avoid the wastage of
space in modern, big companies and apartments etc. In places
where more than 100 cars need to be parked, this system proves
to be useful in reducing wastage of space. This Automatic Car
Parking System enables the parking of vehicles, floor after
floor and thus reducing the space used. Here any number of
cars can be parked according to the requirement. This makes
the system modernized and even a space-saving one. This idea
is developed using 8051 Microcontroller. Here program is
written according to this idea using 8051.
Photograph of this model
2.
Basic idea:
A display
is provided at the ground floor which is basically a counter
that displays number of cars in each floor. It informs whether
the floors are fully filled with the cars or is it having
place in a particular floor or not. There is facility of lift
to carry the car to up and down. Movement of Lift is
controlled by stepper motor. An indicator with a green and red
LED is kept in all the floors to indicate whether the lift is
busy or is it ready to take the car up or down. If the red LED
glows that means the lift is already engaged and the person
has to wait for the green LED to glow. In this project we have
provided three floors of a building for car parking. Maximum
storage capacity of each floor is given as ten. Storage
capacity can be changed according to the requirement.
Any one can enter to first or second floor. The third floor in
this model is for VIP’s only. Therefore when VIP’s are to be
entering they are expected to enter their password and they
will be taken to the third reserved floor. The password will
be of 4 digits. The processor checks for the password entered
and if it is found to be wrong, a siren is heard. In this
particular model 10 passwords are stored. So when a password
is entered, the processor checks for it and it is compared
with 10 passwords. It indicates whether it is the correct one
or not.
When the car enters the lift, the LDR detects its presence and
sends a signal to glow RED LED indicating that the lift is
busy. It also sends a signal to motor which makes the motor to
rotate. After RED LED glows the lift will take the person and
the car up to the floor where the space for parking is
available. (For VIP it will be the third floor). When the lift
reaches the first floor, the processor compares the
filled amount to that of the already fed capacity of that
floor, and if it finds that the first floor is fully filled ,
it goes to the second floor and thus the procedure stops here.
As soon as a car is placed in a particular floor, the display
counter at the ground floor increments as to indicate the
floor capacity has decreased by one. After the lift places the
car in a particular floor, it comes back to its normal
position and that time, the motor that drives it , also stops.
Now processor sends signal to glow GREEN LED indicating that
lift is free.
When a person needs to come down from a particular floor to
ground floor, he is expected to focus the headlight onto the
LDR placed in that floor. Now sensor section sends signal to
motor that the lift has to be send back to that particular
floor and sends a signal to glow RED LED indicating that the
lift is busy. As soon as the lift reaches that particular
floor car should come inside the lift, the display counter at
the ground floor decrements by one as to indicate the floor
capacity has increased by one. Lift comes back to its normal
position and that time, the motor that drives it, also stops.
Now processor sends signal to glow GREEN LED indicating that
lift is free.
If there no parking taking place, the processor carries out
the job according to the following priority:-
1. It checks whether any password is entered.
2. It checks whether any car is entered to lift.
3. It checks whether any car headlight is pressed in
front of LDR placed in each floor.
It is like a round robin
system.
3.
Hardware description:
Introduction to 8051 Microcontroller:
The first task faced when learning to use a new computer is to
become familiar with the capability of the machine. The
features of the computer best learned by studying the internal
hardware design, also called the architecture of the device,
to determine the type, number, and size of the registers and
other circuitry.
The hardware is manipulated by an accompanying set of program
instructions, or software. One familiar with hardware and
software, the system designer can then apply the
microcontroller to the problems at hand. In this project we
make use of microcontroller.
The 8051 microcontroller generic part number actually includes
a whole family of microcontrollers that have numbers ranging
from 8031 to 8751.The block diagram of the 8051 shows all of
the features unique to microcontrollers:
·
Internal ROM and
RAM
·
I/O ports with
programmable pins
·
Timers and
counters
·
Serial data
communication
The block diagram also shows the usual CPU components program
counter, ALU, working registers, and the clock circuits.
The 8051 architecture consists of these specific features:
·
8 bit CPU with
registers A and B
·
16 bit PC &data
pointer (DPTR)
·
8 bit program
status word (PSW)
·
8 bit stack
pointer(SP)
·
Internal ROM or
EPROM (8751)of 0(8031)to 4k(8051)
·
Internal RAM of
128 bytes.
·
4 register banks
, each containing 8 registers
·
80 bits of
general purpose data memory
·
32 input/output
pins arranged as four 8 bit ports:P0-P3
·
two 16 bit
timer/counters:T0-T1
·
Two external and
three internal interrupt sources
·
Oscillator and
clock circuits
A pin out of the 8051 packaged
in a 40 pin DIP is shown below.
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